American psychological association publication manual apa

A column spanner is a heading that identifies more than one column, vs. A table spanner is a heading that covers the entire table body.

Decked heads are stacked headings, done to avoid word repetition. In Table 2, the column spanner and the column headings are decked, allowing the column headings to use less words and have less space in-between the columns than in Table 1. It is better to have briefly worded column headings. Try not to have more than two levels of decked heads. Stub head Column head Column head Column head Column head.

Table spanner. Year one. Year two. January 2 4 3 a. February 3 25 March 8 41 April 18 52 May 29 68 Headings always identify the information below them. In the stub column, if there is subordinate information, indent within the column rather than creating a new column. With all headings, only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized. Unless they are referring to a group, stub heads, column heads, and column spanners should be singular.

Table spanners, however, can be plural. With cells, if there is no information you should either leave the cell empty or insert a dash. Leave the cell empty if there is no information because the data are not applicable. Insert a dash if there is no information because data were not gathered or reported.

Explain the dash in a general note underneath the table. Tables can have three kinds of table notes. General notes, specific notes, or probability notes. A general note qualifies, explains, or gives information about the table as a whole. A specific note refers to a column, row, or cell within the table.

A probability note refers to p values. For more information about p values and probability notes, see section 5. For examples of different types of tables and their specific uses, refer to the examples in section 5.

In section 5. It reminds authors to consider whether or not the table is necessary, if every column has a column head, if the table is referred to in text, etc. Figures can be a graph, chart, map, drawing, or photograph. A chart displays non-quantitative information whereas a graph usually shows the relationship between two quantitative indices.

A chart may show the flow of something through a process, for example, and a graph may show the relationship between temperatures during the summer and the number of homicides. Figures need to be easy to read, clear, and free from unnecessary detail. Figures should add to the information in the text, not duplicate it, and they should not have unnecessary information. They should use an easy to read font that is not too small.

When deciding on whether or not use a figure, keep the information value in mind. What information does the figure convey? Is there a better way to convey that information, or is a figure the best way?

As with tables, figures should be understandable on their own. Because of this, label figures clearly and concisely. If necessary, use a legend to explain the figure. A caption is used to explain a figure, whereas a legend is used to explain symbols that are used within the figure. Captions should be positioned below a figure, but legends should be placed within the figure.

Use the caption as a title for the figure, keeping it brief and concise. If necessary, add information after the caption usually a short phrase punctuated with a period to explain the figure. Do not explain the figure in the text of the paper. Readers should be able to understand the figure fully based on the figure alone. For more information on figures and how to present them, including examples of figures, refer to sections 5.

In APA an in-text citation must include the author's last name and the year of publication. Below are some of the more common ways to cite information in-text. According to Jennings , humans have a tendency to fear the most unlikely phenomena, while brushing off more apparent dangers.

Note that APA style requires using the past tense or present perfect tense to introduce the material you are citing: Jennings argued or Jennings has argued.

For a quotation, include the page or paragraph number of the source. Psychoneuroimmunology is a new field of medicine that examines the link between human emotion and physiology and how that unity affects health and immunity over the course of a life Mate, List the last names of both authors in every mention in the text. As a result, they tend to engage in compulsive rituals to improve or conceal the perceived flaw Wilhelm et al.

While their study suggests that female Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqui Freedom soldiers are just as resilient to combat-related stress as are male soldiers, Vogt et al. In general, cite the full name of the corporation, group, or government agency the first time it is mentioned in your text. If you add an abbreviation for the name in square brackets the first time you cite the source, you can use the abbreviation in subsequent citations.

A new international treaty has been signed to help combat the illicit trade of tobacco products World Health Organization [WHO], This protocol not only will establish a global tracing system to reduce and eliminate illicit tobacco trade but also will play an important role in protecting people around the world from a serious health risk WHO, Sources with unknown authors are listed by title in the list of refrences.

In your in-text citation, shorten the title as much as possible without introducing confusion. Add quotation marks to article titles, and italicize book titles. Garfield b noted that our evolution as a society is consistently reflected in how we map our world: from the origins of triangulation and the fixing of longitude to aerial photography and, now, GPS and satellite navigation.

While both R. Cohen and L. Cohen have presented stark and sincere biographies free of bias, L. Cohen has introduced a new concept to the genre by chronicling three worthy subjects at once. List the sources in alphabetical order, and separate them with semicolons.

Ideally, you should track down the original source of the information. If you cannot find the original, mention its author and indicate where it was cited. Slater posited that the rise in online dating services has led to a decrease in commitment, as this technology fosters the notion that one can always find a more compatible mate as cited in Weissmann, Many visual documents, such as brochures and digital sources, such as websites and full-text articles from databases, lack page numbers.

Doig examined the rise in tactical urbanism, a kind of city planning newly employed by big government to take small bits of unusable public space and re-create them as parks, gardens, and other areas designed for public use para. To cite a quotation from a website, give the paragraph number or section heading and include the source in your references list. Insert the date in parentheses and italicize the title. Follow with the place of publication and the publisher, separated by a colon.

Orenstein, P. Girls and sex: Navigating the complicated new landscape. Cite the online version only if a print version is not available or is hard to find. Robinson, K. Beyond the wilderness. If you consulted an e-reader, list the format in square brackets. The URL stands in place of information about the publisher. If you accessed the online version from a paid site, such as Amazon.

Inoue, A. Antiracist writiing assessment ecologies: Teaching and assessing writing for a socially just future [ePub]. List the authors in the same order that they title page does, each with the last name first. Watkins, D. New York, NY: St. Grant, A. Originals: How non-conformists move the world [Kindle]. Write the full name of the corporate or group author. Linguistic Society of America. Annual report: The state of linguistics in higher education. Washington, DC: Author. When no author is listed on the title or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work.

Alphabetize the entry by the first significant word of the title not including A, An , or The. Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books. Duhigg, C. The power of habit: Why we do what we do in life and business. Smarter, faster, better: The secrets of being productive in life and business. Mauriac, F. What I believe W. Fowlie, Trans. Londong, England: Forgotten Books. Original work published Spatt, B. Writing from sources 9 th ed. Newport, M.

Hirsch, Ed. Begin with the author, publication date, and title of the selection not italicized. Sargeant, S. Psychology and models of health. Greasley Eds. London, England: Polity Press. Joli, F. Arena, Legends of disco: Forty stars discuss their careers pp. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Holy Bible: King James version. End with the name of the database and the identifying number, or the URL.

West, R. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. AAI Roach, M. Gulp: Adventures on the alimentary canal. New York, NY: W. My Planet: Finding humor in the oddest places. Most journals continue page numbers throughout an entire annual volume, beginning again at page 1 only in the first volume of the next year. After the author and publication year, provide the article title, the journal title, the volume number italicized , and the inclusive page numbers.

Thonus, T. Time to say goodbye: Writing center consultation closings. Linguistics and Education , 33, If every issue of the journal begins at page 1, include the issue number in parentheses, not italicized, directly after the volume number. Garicano, L. Why organizations fail: Models and cases. Journal of Economic Literature , 54 1 , Many online journal articles now have DOIs digital object identifiers , unique numbers assigned to specific content.

If an article has a DOI, list it at the end of the entry; you do not need to list the database you used to access the article or the date you accessed the database. Logan, J. As long as there are neighborhoods. City and Community 1 , West, M. Schools of choice. Education Next 16 2. Give the publication date as year and month for monthly magazines; year, month and date for weekly or biweekly magazines.

Place the issue number, if any, in parentheses directly after the volume number. Include all page numbers. Fecht, S. Expanded student-specific resources; includes a sample paper. New chapter on journal article reporting standards. One space after end punctuation! Types of Articles and Papers 1. Required Elements 2. Overview of Reporting Standards 3. General Guidelines for Reducing Bias 5.

Punctuation 6. General Guidelines for Tables and Figures 7. General Guidelines for Citation 8. Pages: Copyright: Format: Hardcover.

See all APA Style products. Key to this edition of the Publication Manual is an updated and expanded Web presence.