Leaf river tm-1 manual

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Food can simply be regarded as the direct product of primary agricultural production and it is rated highest among the three basic essential needs of man; hence agriculture could simply be referred to as a life- safer profession.

Agricultural engineers are known to have been involved in solving the aspect of support to solving major challenges in the traditional and industrial agriculture.

They made significant contributions to transforming basic agricultural operations, meet basic food needs of the expanding human population, and also help evolve productive and sustainable agricultural systems and practices which has become a major area of priority intervention. From the analyses of various agricultural systems, we can understand the usefulness of various agricultural machines involved in the conservation and preservation of land, water, and biological resources for future generations.

This involvement is made possible through effective agricultural mechanization. The concepts of agricultural mechanization are discussed in the following sections. Generally, agricultural mechanization involves the selection, operation, utilization, and maintenance of mechanical devices and systems in agricultural operations and production for the utmost benefits of man. Among several definitions, the followings have been extracted to fully describe the scope of agricultural mechanization as defined by scholars and researchers: 1.

Odigboh, defined agricultural mechanization as the use of any machine to accomplish a task or operation involved in agricultural production. Mijinyawa et al. Clarke, inferred that the term mechanization is generally used as an overall description of the application of agricultural inputs to production, processing and storage of farm products.

Ou et al. In recognition of this fact, certain environmental, agricultural, social and economic conditions must be ascertained to favour investment in mechanization technologies and their sustainable use. Hence, mechanization may be simply said to be the increase in production per worker per hectare of farmland cultivated. Minimization of production costs, 2.

Optimization of product quality, 3. Protection of workplace and environment and 4. Minimization of farm production flexibility. Other objectives include: 1. Improvement in timeliness of agricultural operation and its increased efficiency 2.

Preservation and improvement of quality of agricultural production e. Achievement of a better utilization of natural resources and increased raw material supply for industrial use 4. Provision of off- farm employment and increased human labour availability in other sectors. Enhancement and stabilization of high commodity price through improved inputs and food supply 6.

Increase in foreign exchange earnings through massive agricultural products exportation and diversification of economic base 7. Improvement in water supply and living standard of rural dwellers.

Purpose of mechanization Farm mechanization has been known to help in the effective utilization of farm inputs in order to achieve the following purposes: 1. Increase land productivity: The purpose of mechanization is here to produce more from the existing land.

Machinery is a complementary input, required to achieve higher land productivity, for example, through the introduction of pump sets, or faster turn-around-times to achieve higher cropping intensity. In labour surplus economies, net labour displacement or replacement should be avoided.

Decrease cost of production: Introduction of a machine may lower production costs or offset increased costs of draft animals or labour. Benefits of mechanization Beside reduction in human drudgery and costs of farm operations, mechanization offers potential benefit of increased returns from agricultural inputs.

Increased returns from agricultural input can be achieved in the following ways: a. Improvement in crop yield per hectare and quality b.

Extension of cultivated area c. Possibility of raising new crops and livestock which were not initially possible d. This is most advantageous in communities where labour is scarce or expensive. As labour is a constraint in many farming communities, the use of animal traction and tractors brings the opportunity to expand the acreage. Motorization is likely to have an even greater potential for area expansion as long as land is available.

Labour productivity will increase considerably. A farmer owning a tractor would normally be able to increase his income through increased production and by doing contract work for other farmers.

Inadequate attention had been paid to mechanization in Nigeria over a long time which is obvious from the scanty and uncoordinated nature of data available. This trend is being reversed by the recent advances of the federal government in the agricultural revolution currently taking place in Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. Despite these advances, the following problems still hinders agricultural mechanization 1.

Huge cost of investment on equipment. Government policies on agricultural machinery import and implementation. Inadequate man power development and skill acquisition on technological advancement in agricultural mechanization.

Poor infrastructure development regarding appropriate machinery requirement. Poor price control common commodity price of products of agricultural mechanization during peak production and harvest gluts. Poor accessibility to credit facilities loans, grants etc from agricultural development banks.

Loss of technical skills and service: The Agricultural engineers who made significant contributions to transforming society and solved most of the major problems in the agricultural industry have essentially became a victim of their success, as the demand for their specialized expertise dwindled and young people with technological interests veered away from the agriculture industry.

Socio-economic factors, 2. Availability of mechanization supporting infrastructure and 3. Land and agro-ecological conditions. Involvements of mechanization in agricultural production The involvements of mechanization in agricultural operations and production include: 1.

The process of selection of agricultural systems and inputs, 2. Maintenance of mechanical devices and systems involved in agricultural operations and production Nigeria agricultural mechanization programme The fortunes from oil notwithstanding, successive governments experimented with different programmes and agencies to rejuvenate the agricultural sector.

Some of these programmes and agencies Table have agricultural mechanization as a cardinal mandate. Green Revolution GR Federal level Giles reviewed power availability in different countries, and demonstrated that productivity was positively correlated with potential unit farm power. The NCAER assessed the impact of tractorisation on the productivity of land yield and cropping intensity , and economic growth income and employment.

Status of agricultural mechanization: Binswanger defined the status of mechanisation by the growth of mechanical power-operated farm equipment over traditional human and animal power operated equipment. Rijk reviewed the growth of mechanisation in different Asian countries, and suggested the formulation of strategy for mechanisation policy based on economics of use of animate and mechanical power for different field operations.

Such policies are in different stages of formation and implementation in various countries across Europe and some part of the developed and developing world today. Indicators of agricultural mechanization Singh and De reviewed the methodologies adopted by several authors to express agricultural mechanisation indicator.

Three indicators of agricultural mechanization identified include; levels of mechanization, mechanization index, and degree of mechanization. The level, appropriate choice and subsequent proper use of these inputs into agriculture has a direct and significant effect on achievable levels of land productivity, labour management, profitability of farming, sustainability, environmental and the quality of life of people engaged in agriculture. For instance in Nigeria, M1 and M3 were generally applicable.

The tools and implements used in each level of agricultural mechanization are as classified below. Level 1: hand-tool technology HTT This is the most basic level of agricultural mechanization, where human being is the power source, using simple tools and implements. A farmer using hand-tool technology can cultivate only about one hectare of land. He cannot do more than that because of certain scientifically established facts Odigboh, It has been suggested that a power-use intensity of 0.

Some basic features of tools in use include: Hoes: A wide variety of hoes used in farm operations includes; forked hoes and pickaxes. The main use for the forked hoes and pickaxes is to dig compacted manure out of animal compounds.

Figure Traditional hand hoes Material handling tools: Material and earth handling tools such as rakes, shovels and spades are found within the agricultural hand tool list. The shovels and spades are mainly of the D-handled type, commonly used in moving materials from one place to another.

Some very old ones have T-handles. Rakes are used mainly to prepare fine seedbeds in the vegetable plots. Hoes were made by blacksmiths from high-quality material. Some hoes are also made from old discs from tractor-operated implements.

Blacksmiths often use very basic production methods but turn out effective tools provided they can find the right type of scrap steel, such as vehicle leaf-springs.

Figure Cutting tools Various types of sickle were seen: some were made locally but others were very old imported examples.

The wooden handles on the latter usually had been broken and were replaced with a piece of rag wrapped around the tang. Level 2: draft-animal technology DAT Because of the limitations of the human power availability on the field, horses, mules, oxen and bullocks became the principal sources of power on the farm. They develop more power than human power for agricultural operations. Because of their availability for use in most stringent conditions, they are often referred to as the beast of burden.

Figure Harrowing with donkeys Traditional animal drawn ox-ploughs The plough in its different shapes as traditional plough or as mouldboard plough is probably the most popular land preparation tool that is used in both developing and developed countries.

There is no other tool that symbolizes agricultural development, like the plough. The plough can be pulled by one or more pairs of donkeys or oxen. The internal combustion engine and electric motor are the most important. Recently internal combustion engine are being complimented by hydraulic power transmission. Higher levels of mechanisation are preferred by farmers to ensure timeliness, to increase yield of crops, and to reduce the cost of cultivation, provided the farm size is large enough to use the machine and sufficient labour at reasonable wages are not available when required.

Level 4: renewable energy technology RET All energy sources mentioned above have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and nuclear energy.

Agricultural mechanization index MI Agricultural mechanization index is one of the three mechanization indicators used for the purposes of characterization of farming systems. This index is the measure of the assessment and grading of the different levels of mechanization practiced in a particular area. The index of mechanization is limited to the prominent available power sources in the particular zone under consideration.

Relative to different power sources predominant in an area or region, mechanization index is seen as a deviation of the actual amount of motorized farm work from the normal values at regional level. Mechanisation index , MI is expressed by the percentage of machine work EM to the sum of manual EH, animal EA and machine work EM expressed in energy units, as suggested by Nowacki , has been accepted for model forecasting.

A mechanisation index based on the matrix of use of animate and mechanical energy inputs as given by could be given by Singh, in equation below. For macro-level planning, a mechanisation index based on the ratio of electrical and mechanical power over total farm power introduced as a measure of qualitative assessment of modernisation of agriculture, is expressed in equation 1. From a qualitative drudgery reduction point of view, a mechanisation index MITP based on mechanical tractive power PMt could be a better measure, Equation 1.